References to published papers on the use of CCA urine strips

• Adriko, M., et al. 2014.
  Evaluation of circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) urine-cassette assay as a survey tool for Schistosoma mansoni in different transmission settings within Bugiri District, Uganda. Acta Trop. (2014).
• Al-Shehri, H., Koukounari, A., Stanton, M.C., Adriko, M., Arinaitwe, M., Atuhaire, A., Kabatereine, N.B., Stothard, J.R. 2018.
  Surveillance of intestinal schistosomiasis during control: a comparison of four diagnostic tests across five Ugandan primary schools in the Lake Albert region. Parasitology 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003118201800029X
• Ashton, R.A., et al. 2011.
  Accuracy of circulating cathodic antigen tests for rapid mapping of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium infections in Southern Sudan. Trop Med Int Health, Vol. 16, no 9, 1099–1103 (2011).

A critical letter was written to this paper, see Deelder et al. 2012

• Assaré, R.K., Tra, M.B.I., Ouattara, M., Hürlimann, E., Coulibaly, J.T., N’Goran, E. K., & Utzinger, J. 2018.
  Sensitivity of the Point-of-Care Circulating Cathodic Antigen Urine Cassette Test for Diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni in Low-Endemicity Settings in Côte d’Ivoire. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 99(6), 1567-1572. doi:https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.18-0550
• Ayele, B., Erko, B., Legesse, M., Hailu, A. and Medhin, G. 2008.
  Evaluation of circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) strip for diagnosis of urinary schistosomiasis in Hassoba school children, Afar, Ethiopia. Parasite 15, 69-75.
• Bärenbold, O., Garba, A., Colley, D.G., Fleming, F.M., Haggag, A.A., Ramzy, R.M.R., et al. 2018.
  Translating preventive chemotherapy prevalence thresholds for Schistosoma mansoni from the Kato-Katz technique into the point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen diagnostic test. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12(12): e0006941.
• Beltrame, A., Buonfrate, D., Gobbi, F., Angheben, A., Marchese, V., Monteiro, G.B., & Bisoffi, Z. 2017.
  The hidden epidemic of schistosomiasis in recent African immigrants and asylum seekers to Italy. European Journal of Epidemiology, 32(8), 733-735. doi:10.1007/s10654-017-0259-6
• Becker, S.L., Marti, H., Zimmermann, S., Vidacek, D., Herrmann, M., Utzinger, J., Schnabel, P.A., Bohle, R.M. 2015.
  Application in Europe of a urine-based rapid diagnostic test for confirmation of Schistosoma mansoni infection in migrants from endemic areas. Euro Surveill. 2015;20(23):pii=21151. Online: www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=21151
• Bergquist, R. 2013.
  Good Things Are Worth Waiting For. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 88(3), 2013, pp. 409–410.
• Bezerra, F.S.M., Leal, J.K.F., Sousa, M.S., Pinheiro, M.C.C., Ramos, A.N., Silva-Moraes, V., & Katz, N. 2018.
  Evaluating a point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen test (POC-CCA) to detect Schistosoma mansoni infections in a low endemic area in north-eastern Brazil. Acta Tropica, 182, 264-270.
• Casacuberta, M., Kinunghi, S., Vennervald, B.J., Olsen, A., 2016.
  Evaluation and optimization of the Circulating Cathodic Antigen (POC-CCA) cassette test for detecting Schistosoma mansoni infection by using image analysis in school children in Mwanza Region, Tanzania. Parasite Epidemiology and Control 1 (2016) 105–115.
• Casacuberta-Partal, M., Hoekstra, P. T., Kornelis, D., Van Lieshout, L., & Van Dam, G. J. 2019.
  An innovative and user-friendly scoring system for standardised quantitative interpretation of the urine-based point-of-care strip test (POC-CCA) for the diagnosis of intestinal schistosomiasis: a proof-of-concept study. Acta Tropica, 199, 105150.
• Chernet, A., Kling, K., Sydow, V., Kuenzli, E., Hatz, C., Utzinger, J., . . . Neumayr, A. 2017.
  Accuracy of Diagnostic Tests for Schistosoma mansoni Infection in Asymptomatic Eritrean Refugees: Serology and Point-of-Care Circulating Cathodic Antigen Against Stool Microscopy. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 65(4), 568-574. doi:10.1093/cid/cix366
• Chernet, A., Neumayr, A., Hatz, C., Kling, K., Sydow, V., Rentsch, K., . . . Labhardt, N.D. 2018.
  Spectrum of infectious diseases among newly arrived Eritrean refugees in Switzerland: a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Public Health, 63(2), 233-239. doi:10.1007/s00038-017-1034-x

• Clements, M.N., Corstjens, P.L.A.M., Binder, S., Campbell, C.H., de Dood, C.J., Fenwick, A., . . . van Dam, G.J. 2018.
  Latent class analysis to evaluate performance of point-of-care CCA for low-intensity Schistosoma mansoni infections in Burundi. Parasites & Vectors, 11(1), 111. doi:10.1186/s13071-018-2700-4

• Coelho, P.M.Z., Siqueira, L.M.V., Grenfell, R.F.Q., Almeida, N.B.F., Katz, N., Almeida, Á., de Figueiredo Carneiro, N.F., Oliveira, E. 2016.
  Improvement of POC-CCA Interpretation by Using Lyophilization of Urine from Patients with Schistosoma mansoni Low Worm Burden: Towards an Elimination of Doubts about the Concept of Trace. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10(6): e0004778. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004778

• Colley, D.G., Binder, S., Campbell, C., King C.H., Tchuem Tchuenté, L.A., N'Goran, E.K., Erko, B., Karanja, D.M., Kabatereine, N.B., van Lieshout, L., and Rathbun, S. 2012.
  A Five-Country Evaluation of a Point-of-Care Circulating Cathodic Antigen Urine Assay for the Prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 88(3), 2013, pp. 426–432.
• Coulibaly, J.T., Knopp, S., N’Guessan, N.A., Silué, K.D., Fürst T., Lohourignon, L.K., Brou, J.K., N'Gbesso, Y.K., Vounatsou, P., N'Goran E.K. and Utzinger, J. 2011.
  Accuracy of Urine Circulating Cathodic Antigen (CCA) Test for Schistosoma mansoni Diagnosis in Different Settings of Coˆ te d’Ivoire. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5(11): e1384. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001384
• Coulibaly, J.T., N'Gbesso, Y.K., Knopp, S., N'Guessan, N.A., Silué, K.D., van Dam G.J., N'Goran, E.K. and Utzinger, J. 2013.
  Accuracy of Urine Circulating Cathodic Antigen Test for the Diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni in Preschool-Aged Children before and after Treatment. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7(3): e2109. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002109
• Danso-Appiah, A., Minton, J., Boamah, D., Otchere, J., Asmah, R.H., et al. 2016.
  Accuracy of point-of-care testing for circulatory cathodic antigen in the detection of schistosome infection: systematic review and meta-analysis. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 94 (7), 522 - 533A. World Health Organization.
• de Dood, C.J., Hoekstra, P.T., Mngara, J., Kalluvya, S.E., van Dam, G.J., Downs, J.A. and Corstjens, P.L.A.M. 2018.
  Refining Diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium Infections: Antigen and Antibody Detection in Urine. Front. Immunol. 9:2635. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02635
• Deelder, G.J., van Dam, G.J., van Lieshout, L. 2012.
  Letter to the Editors, Response to: accuracy of circulating cathodic antigen tests for rapid mapping of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium infections in Southern Sudan by RA Ashton et al. (2011) Trop Med Int Health 16, pp. 1099–1103
• Degarege, A., Legesse, M., Medhin, G., Teklehaymanot. T. and Erko, B. 2014.
  Day-to-day fluctuation of point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen test scores and faecal egg counts in children infected with Schistosoma mansoni in Ethiopia. BMC Infectious Diseases 2014, 14:210.
• El-Ghareeb, A.S., Abd El Motaleb, G.S., Waked, N.M., Osman Hany Kamel, N., Aly, N.S. 2016.
  Circulating cathodic antigen cassette test versus haematuria strip test in diagnosis of urinary schistosomiasis. J Parasit Dis (Oct-Dec 2016) 40(4):1193–1198.
• Erko, B., Medhin, G., Teklehaymanot, T., Degarege, A. and Legesseet, M. 2013.
  Evaluation of urine-circulating cathodic antigen (Urine-CCA) cassette test for the detection of Schistosoma mansoni infection in areas of moderate prevalence in Ethiopia. Trop Med Int Health, Vol. 18, no 8, 1029–1035 (2013).
• Foo, K.T., Blackstock, A.J., Ochola, E.A., Matete, D.O., Mwinzi, P.N.M., Montgomery, S.P., Karanja, D.M.S., Secor, W.E., 2015.
  Evaluation of Point-of-Contact Circulating Cathodic Antigen Assays for the Detection of Schistosoma mansoni Infection in Low-, Moderate-, and High-Prevalence Schools in Western Kenya. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 92(6), 2015, pp. 1227–1232 doi:10.4269/ajtmh.14-0643
• Fuss, A., Mazigo, H.D., Tappe, D., Kasang, C., Mueller, A. 2018.
  Comparison of sensitivity and specificity of three diagnostic tests to detect Schistosoma mansoni infections in school children in Mwanza region, Tanzania. PLoS ONE 13(8):e0202499.
• Grenfell, R.F.Q., Taboada, D., Coutinho, L.A., Pedrosa, M.L.C., Assis, J.V., Oliveira, M.S.P., . . . Coelho, P.M.Z. 2018.
  

  Innovative methodology for point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen with rapid urine concentration for use in the field for detecting low Schistosoma mansoni infection and for control of cure with high accuracy. Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 112(1), 1-7.

• Greter, H., Krauth, S.J., Ngandolo, B.N.R., Alfaroukh, I.O., Zinsstag, J., Utzinger., J. 2016.
  

  Validation of a Point-of-Care Circulating Cathodic Antigen Urine Cassette Test for Schistosoma mansoni Diagnosis in the Sahel, and Potential Cross-Reaction in Pregnancy. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 94(2), 2016, pp. 361–364 doi:10.4269/ajtmh.15-0577

• Haggag, A.A., Rabiee, A., Abd Elaziz, K.M., Campbell, C.H., Colley, D.G., & Ramzy, R.M.R. 2018.
  

  Thirty-Day Daily Comparisons of Kato–Katz and CCA Assays of 45 Egyptian Children in Areas with Very Low Prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 0(0), 1-6.

• Haggag, A.A., Rabiee, A., Abd Elaziz, K.M., Gabrielli, A.F., Abdel Hay, R., Ramzy, R.M.R. 2017.
  

  Mapping of Schistosoma mansoni in the Nile Delta, Egypt: Assessmentof the prevalence by the circulating cathodic antigen urine assay. Acta Tropica 167 (2017) 9–17.

• Infurnari, L., Galli, L., Bigoloni, A., Carbone, A., Chiappetta, S., Sala, A., . . . Gaiera/, G. 2017.
  

  The use of circulating cathodic antigen rapid test and serology for diagnosis of active Schistosoma mansoni infection in migrants in Italy, a non-endemic country: a cross sectional study. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 112(0), 452-455.

• Kabore, A., Ibikounle, M., Tougoue, J.J., Mupoyi, S., Ndombe, S., Shannon, S., Ottesen, E.A., Mukunda, F., Awaca, N. 2017.
  

  Initiating NTD programs targeting schistosomiasis andsoil-transmitted helminthiasis in two provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Establishment of baseline prevalence for massdrug administration. Acta Tropica 166 (2017) 177–185.

• Kittur, N., Castleman, J.D., Campbell, C.H.Jr., King, C.H., Colley., D.G., 2016.
  

  Comparison of Schistosoma mansoni Prevalence and Intensity of Infection, as Determined by the Circulating Cathodic Antigen Urine Assay or by the Kato-Katz Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 94(3), 2016, pp. 605–610 doi:10.4269/ajtmh.15-0725

• Korir, H.K., Riner, D.K., Kavere, E., Omondi, A., Landry, J., Kittur, N., Ndombi, E.M., Ondigo, B.N., Secor, W.E., Karanja, D.M.S., Colley, D.G. 2018.
  

  Young Adults in Endemic Areas: An Untreated Group in Need of School-Based Preventive Chemotherapy for Schistosomiasis Control and Elimination. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2018, 3, 100.

• Legesse, M. and Erko, B. 2008.
  

  Field-based evaluation of a reagent strip test for diagnosis of Schistosomiasis Mansoni by detecting circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) in urine in low endemic area in Ethiopia. Parasite 15, 151-155.

• Legesse, M. and Erko, B. 2007.
  Field-based evaluation of a reagent strip test for diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni by detecting circulating cathodic antigen in urine before and after chemotherapy. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 101, 668-673.
• Lindholz, C.G., Favero, V., Verissimo, C.d.M., Candido, R.R.F., de Souza, R.P., dos Santos, R.R., et al. 2018.
  Study of diagnostic accuracy of Helmintex, Kato-Katz, and POC-CCA methods for diagnosing intestinal schistosomiasis in Candeal, a low intensity transmission area in northeastern Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12(3): e0006274.
• Lo, N.C., Coulibaly, J.T., Bendavid, E., N’Goran, E.K., Utzinger, J., Keiser, J., Bogoch, I.I., Andrews, J.R. 2016.
  Evaluation of a Urine Pooling Strategy for the Rapid and Cost-Efficient Prevalence Classification of Schistosomiasis.
  PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10(8): e0004894. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004894.
• Marchese, V., Beltrame, A., Angheben, A., Monteiro, G.B., Giorli, G., Perandin, F., Bisoffi, Z. 2018.
  Schistosomiasis in immigrants, refugees and travellers in an Italian referral centre for tropical diseases. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 7(1), 55.
• Marinho, C.C., Grobério, A.C., Silva, C.T.F.d., Lima, T.L.F.d., Santos, R.C.d., Araújo, L.G.d., Machado-Coelho, G.L.L. 2017.
  Morbidity of schistosomiasis mansoni in a low endemic setting in Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, 50(6), 805-811.
• Mazigo, H., & Heukelbach, J. 2018.
  Diagnostic Performance of Kato Katz Technique and Point-of-Care Circulating Cathodic Antigen Rapid Test in Diagnosing Schistosoma mansoni Infection in HIV-1 Co-Infected Adults on the Shoreline of Lake Victoria, Tanzania. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, 3(2), 54.
• Midzi, N., Butterworth, A.E., Mduluza, T., Munyati, S., Deelder, A.M., Van Dam, G.J. 2008.
  The use of circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) strips for the diagnosis of urinary schistosomiasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg (2008), doi:10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.08.018.
• Mwinzi, P.N.M., Kittur, N., Ochola, E., Cooper, P.J., Campbell, C.H.Jr., King, C.H., Colley, D.G., 2015.
  Additional evaluation of the point-of-contact circulating cathodic antigen assay for Schistosoma mansoni infection. Front. PublicHealth 3:48. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2015.00048.

• Navaratnam, A.M.D., Mutumba-Nakalembe, M.J., Stothard, J.R., Kabatereine, N.B., Fenwick, A., Sousa-Figueiredo, J.C. 2012.
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• Obeng, B.B., Aryeetey, Y.A., De Dood, C.J., Amoah, A.S., Larbi, I.A., Deelder, A.M., Yazdanbakhsh, M., Hartgers, F.C., Boakye, D.A., Verweij, J.J., Van Dam, G.J. and Van Lieshout, L. 2008.
  Application of a circulating-cathodic-antigen (CCA) strip test and real-time PCR, in comparison with microscopy, for the detection of Schistosoma haematobium in urine samples from Ghana. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Vol. 102, No. 7, 625–633 (2008).

• Ocama, P., Opio, K.C., Seremba, E., Ajal, P., Apica, B.S., & Aginya, E O. 2017.
  The burden, pattern and factors that contribute to periportal fibrosis in HIV-infected patients in an S. mansoni endemic rural Uganda. African health sciences, 17(2), 301–307. doi:10.4314/ahs.v17i2.2.

• Odogwu, S.Ee, Ramamurthy, N.K., Kabatereine, N.B., Kazibwe, F., Tukahebwa, E., Webster, J.P., Fenwick A., Stothard, J.R. 2006.
  Schistosoma mansoni in infants (aged < 3 years) along the Ugandan shoreline of Lake Victoria. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 100, 315-  326.

• Oliveira, W.J., Magalhães, FdC., Elias, A.M.S, de Castro, V.N., Favero, V., Lindholz, C.G., et al. 2018.
  Evaluation of diagnostic methods for the detection of intestinal schistosomiasis in endemic areas with low parasite loads: Saline gradient, Helmintex, Kato-Katz and rapid urine test. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12(2): e0006232.

• Ortu, G., Ndayishimiye, O., Clements, M., Kayugi, D., Campbell Jr, C.H., Sani Lamine, M., Zivieri, A., Magalhaes, R. S., Binder, S., King, C.H., Fenwick, A., Colley, D.G., Jourdan, P.M. 2017.
  Countrywide Reassessment of Schistosoma mansoni Infection in Burundi Using a Urine-Circulating Cathodic Antigen Rapid Test: Informing the National Control Program. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.16-0671.

• Peralta, J.M., Cavalcanti, M.G. 2018.
  Is POCCCA a truly reliable test for schistosomiasis diagnosis in low endemic areas? The trace results controversy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12(11):e0006813.

• Poole, H., Terlouw, D.J., Naunje, A., Mzembe, K., Stanton, M., Betson, M., Lalloo, D.G. and Stothard, J.R. 2014.
  Schistosomiasis in pre-school-age children and their mothers in Chikhwawa district, Malawi with notes on characterization of schistosomes and snails. Parasites & Vectors 2014 7:153.

• Rubaba, O., Chimbari, M.J., Soko, W., Manyangadze, T., & Mukaratirwa, S. 2018.
  Validation of a urine circulating cathodic antigen cassette test for detection of Schistosoma haematobiumin uMkhanyakude district of South Africa. Acta Tropica, 182, 161-165.
• Ruganuza, D.M., Mazigo, H.D., Waihenya, R., Morona, D., Mkoji, G.M., 2015.
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  Rapid diagnosis of schistosomiasis by antigen detection in urine with a reagent strip. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32, 2404-2406.

• Van Etten, L., Van Lieshout, L., Mansour, M.M. and Deelder, A.M. 1997.
  A reagent strip antigen capture assay for the assessment of cure of schistosomiasis patients. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 91, 154-155.
  

• Verani, J.R., Abudho, B., Montgomery, S.P., Mwinzi, P.N.M., Shane, H.L., Butler, S.E., Karanja, D.M.S. and Secor, W.E. 2011.
  Schistosomiasis among Young Children in Usoma, Kenya. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 84(5), 2011, pp. 787–791 doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0685.
• Vonghachack, Y., Sayasone, S., Khieu, V., Bergquist, R., van Dam, G.J., Hoekstra, P.T., Odermatt, P. 2017.
  Comparison of novel and standard diagnostic tools for the detection of Schistosoma mekongi infection in Lao People’s Democratic Republic and Cambodia. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 6(1), 127.
• Worrell, C.M., Bartoces, M., Karanja, D.M.S., Ochola, E.A., Matete, D.O., Mwinzi, P.N.M., Montgomery, S.P., Secor, W.E., 2015.
  Cost Analysis of Tests for the Detection of Schistosoma mansoni Infection in Children in Western Kenya. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 92(6), 2015, pp. 1233–1239 doi:10.4269/ajtmh.14-0644

References to published papers on the use of CCA urine strips pre and post treatment

• Coulibaly, J.T., N'Gbesso, Y.K., Knopp, S., N'Guessan, N.A., Silué, K.D., et al. 2013.
  Accuracy of Urine Circulating Cathodic Antigen Test for the Diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni in Preschool-Aged Children before and after Treatment. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7(3): e2109. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002109.
• Kildemoes, A.O., Vennervald, B.J., Tukahebwa, E.M., Kabatereine, N.B., Magnussen, P., de Dood, C.J., et al. 2017.
  Rapid clearance of Schistosoma mansoni circulating cathodic antigen after treatment shown by urine strip tests in a Ugandan fishing community ± Relevance for monitoring treatment efficacy and re-infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11(11): e0006054..
• Koukounari, A., Donnely, C.A., Moustaki, I., Tukahebwa, E.M., Kabatereine, N.B., et al. 2013.
  A Latent Markov Modelling Approach to the Evaluation of Circulating Cathodic Antigen Strips for Schistosomiasis Diagnosis Pre- and Post-Praziquantel Treatment in Uganda. PLoS Comput Biol 9(12): e1003402. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003402.
• Lamberton, P.H.L., Kabatereine, N.B., Oguttu, D.W., Fenwick, A., Webster, J.P. 2014.
  Sensitivity and Specificity of Multiple Kato-Katz Thick Smears and a Circulating Cathodic Antigen Test for Schistosoma mansoni Diagnosis Pre- and Post-repeated-Praziquantel Treatment. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8(9): e3139. doi:10.1371/ journal.pntd.0003139.
• Mazigo, H.D., Kepha, S., & Kinung’hi, S.M. 2018.
  Sensitivity and specificity of point-of-care circulating Cathodic antigen test before and after praziquantel treatment in diagnosing Schistosoma mansoni infection in adult population co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1, North-Western Tanzania. Archives of Public Health, 76(1), 29. doi:10.1186/s13690-018-0274-4.
• Okoyo, C., Simiyu, E., Njenga, S.M., & Mwandawiro, C. 2018.
  Comparing the performance of circulating cathodic antigen and Kato-Katz techniques in evaluating Schistosoma mansoni infection in areas with low prevalence in selected counties of Kenya: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 478. doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5414-9.
• Prada, J.M., Touloupou, P., Adriko, M., Tukahebwa, E.M., Lamberton, P.H.L., & Hollingsworth, T.D. 2018.
  Understanding the relationship between egg- and antigen-based diagnostics of Schistosoma mansoni infection pre- and post-treatment in Uganda. Parasites & Vectors, 11(1), 21. doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2580-z.

Schistosomiasis Review

• Colley, D.G., Andros, T.S., & Campbell, C.H. 2017.
  Schistosomiasis is more prevalent than previously thought: what does it mean for public health goals, policies, strategies, guidelines and intervention programs? Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 6(1), 63. doi:10.1186/s40249-017-0275-5.
• Gray, D.R., Ross, A.G., Li, Y., McManus, D.P. 2011.
  Diagnosis and management of schistosomiasis. BMJ 2011;342:d2651 doi: 10.1136/bmj.d2651.
• Gryseels, B., Polman, K., Clerinx, J., Kestens, L. 2006.
  Human schistosomiasis. Lancet 2006; 368: 1106–18.
• Knopp, S., Becker, S.L., Ingram, K.J., Keiser, J., Utzinger, J. 2013.
  Diagnosis and treatment of schistosomiasis in children in the era of intensified control. Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther. Early online, 1–22 (2013).
• Ochodo, E.A., Gopalakrishna, G., Spek, B., Reitsma, J.B., van Lieshout, L., Polman, K., Lamberton, P., Bossuyt, P.M.M., Leeflang, M.M.G. 2015.
  Circulating antigen tests and urine reagent strips for diagnosis of active schistosomiasis in endemic areas. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD009579. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD009579.pub2.
• Stothard, J.R., Stanton, M.C., Bustinduy, A.L., Sousa-Figueiredo, J.C., Van Dam, G.J., Betson, M., Waterhouse, D., Ward, S., Allan, F., Hassan, A.A., Al-Helal, M.A., Memish, Z.A. and Rollinson, D. 2014.
  Diagnostics for schistosomiasis in Africa and Arabia: a review of present options in control and future needs for elimination. Parasitology (2014), 141, p.1947-1961.
• Utzinger, J., N'Goran, E.K., Caffrey, C.R., Keiser, J. 2011.
  From innovation to application: Social–ecological context, diagnostics, drugs and integrated control of schistosomiasis. ActaTrop.120S (2011) S121– S137.

Basic studies of CCA in urine

• De Clercq, D., Sacko, M., Vercruysse, J., Vanden Bussche, V., Landouré, A., Diarra, A., Gryseels, B., Deelder, A. 1997. Circulating anodic and cathodic antigen in serum and urine of mixed Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni infections in Office du Niger, Mali. Trop Med Int Health, 2:680-5.
• De Jonge, N., Kremsner, P.G., Krijger, F.W., Schommer, G., Fillié, Y.E., Kornelis, D., Van Zeyl, R.J, Van Dam, G.J., Feldmeier, H., Deelder, A.M. 1990.
  Detection of the schistosome circulating cathodic antigen by enzyme immunoassay using biotinylated monoclonal antibodies. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 84:815-8.
• Disch, J., Garcia, M.M., Krijger, G.W., Amorim, M.N., Katz, N., Deelder, A.M., Gryseels, B., Rabello, A. 1997.
  Daily fluctuation of levels of circulating cathodic antigen in urine of children infected with Schistosoma mansoni in Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 91:222-5.
• Polman, K., Diakhate, M.M., Engels, D., Nahimana, S., Van Dam, G.J., Falcão Ferreira, S.T., Deelder, A.M., Gryseels, B. 2000.
  Specificity of circulating antigen detection for schistosomiasis mansoni in Senegal and Burundi. Trop Med Int Health, 5:534
• Polman, K., Engels, D., Fathers, L., Deelder, A.M., Gryseels, B. 1998.
  Day-to-day fluctuation of schistosome circulating antigen levels in serum and urine of humans infected with Schistosoma mansoni in Burundi. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 59:150-4.

Assessment of cure

• Coulibaly, J.T., N’Gbesso, Y.K., Knopp, S., Keiser, J., N’Goran, E.K., Utzinger, J. 2012.
  Efficacy and Safety of Praziquantel in Preschool-Aged Children in an Area Co-Endemic for Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6(12): e1917. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001917.
• De Clercq, D., Sacko, M., Vercruysse, J., Vanden Bussche, V., Landouré, A., Diarra, A., Gryseels, B., Deelder, A. 1997.
  Assessment of cure by detection of circulating antigens in serum and urine, following schistosomiasis mass treatment in two villages of the Office du Niger, Mali. Acta Trop, 68:339-46.
• Kremsner, P.G., Enyong, P., Krijger, F.W., De Jonge, N., Zotter, G.M., Thalhammer, F., Mühlschlegel, F., Bienzle, U., Feldmeier, H., Deelder, A.M. 1994.
  Circulating anodic and cathodic antigen in serum and urine from Schistosoma haematobium-infected Cameroonian children receiving praziquantel: a longitudinal study. Clin Infect Dis, 18:408-13.
• Van Lieshout, L., De Jonge, N., Mansour, M.M, Bassily, S., Krijger, F.W., Deelder, A.M. 1993.
  Circulating cathodic antigen levels in serum and urine of schistosomiasis patients before and after chemotherapy with praziquantel. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 87:311-2.

Treatment

• Bustinduy, A.L., Waterhouse, D., de Sousa-Figueiredo, J.C., Roberts, S.A., Atuhaire, A., Van Dam, G.J., Corstjens, P.L.A.M., Scott, J.T., Stanton, M.C., Kabatereine, N.B., Ward, S., Hope, W.W., Stothard, J.R. 2016.
  Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of praziquantel in Ugandan children with intestinal schistosomiasis: higher dosages are required for maximal efficacy. mBio 7(4):e00227-16. doi:10.1128/mBio.00227-16.
• Coulibaly, J.T., N’Gbesso, Y.K., Knopp, S., Keiser, J., N’Goran, E.K., et al. 2012.
  Efficacy and Safety of Praziquantel in Preschool-Aged Children in an Area Co- Endemic for Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6(12): e1917. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001917.
• Hoekstra, P.T., Casacuberta Partal, M., Amoah, A.S., van Lieshout, L., Corstjens, P. L.A.M., Tsonaka, S., van Dam, G.J. 2018.
  Repeated doses of Praziquantel in Schistosomiasis Treatment (RePST) – single versus multiple praziquantel treatments in school-aged children in Côte d’Ivoire: a study protocol for an open-label, randomised controlled trial. BMC Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 662. doi:10.1186/s12879-018-3554-2.
• Mazigo, H.D., Amuasi, J.H., Osei, I., & Kinung’hi, S.M. 2018.
  Integrating use of point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen rapid diagnostic tests by community health workers during mass drug administration campaigns to improve uptake of praziquantel treatment among the adult population at Kome Island, North-Western Tanzania: a cluster randomized community trial. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 840. doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5732-y.

Diagnosis of Bilharzia

• Creasey, A.M., Wessels, J.M., Clarke, V.D. 1982
  Re-evaluation of criteria for making a diagnosis of Bilharzia: Cent. Afr .J. Med. Nov. 28:265-272.
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  The diagnosis of Bilharzia.S.Afr. Med.J. 51.536-540.